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1.
J Ethnopharmacol ; 325: 117804, 2024 May 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38307353

RESUMEN

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Witches in Western Europe are associated with the use of medicinal, abortifacient, hallucinogenic, and toxic plants. Curiously, these associations are not backed up by first-hand evidence and historians are unconvinced that people convicted as witches were herbalists. Local plant names provide an untapped source for analysing witchcraft-plant relationships. AIM OF THE STUDY: We analysed vernacular plant names indicating an association with witches and devils to find out why these species and witchcraft were linked. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We constructed a database with vernacular names containing the terms witch and devil in related north-west European languages. The devil was added because of its association with witchcraft. The plant species' characteristics (e.g., medicinal use, toxicity) were assessed to determine if there were non-random associations between these traits and their names. RESULTS: We encountered 1263 unique vernacular name-taxa combinations (425 plant taxa; 97 families). Most species named after witches and/or devils were found within the Asteraceae, Ranunculaceae, and Rosaceae. For Dutch, German and English we confirmed associations between witchcraft names and toxicity. Hallucinogenic plants do not appear to be associated with witch-names. For Dutch, we found significant associations between plant names and medicinal and apotropaic uses, although we did not find any association with abortifacient qualities. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that there is a wide variety of plants associated with witches and the devil in north-western Europe. Plant names with the terms witch and devil were likely used in a pejorative manner to name toxic and weedy plants, and functioned as a warning for their harmful properties. Our study provides novel insights for research into the history of witchcraft and its associated plant species.


Asunto(s)
Abortivos , Asteraceae , Plantas Medicinales , Humanos , Europa (Continente) , Malezas , Etnobotánica
2.
J Environ Manage ; 323: 116167, 2022 Dec 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36116258

RESUMEN

Toxic plants are a natural component of alpine meadow which co-evolved with Tibetan sheep for thousands of years. One challenge for indigenous herders is to know the ecological thresholds of toxic plants and maintain their vital functions in ways that are compatible with economic income and ecological conservation. To achieve this, field trials with Tibetan sheep grazing in alpine meadow were conducted to examine the ecological thresholds of toxic plants for sheep production and ecosystem functions and their trade-offs. Our results demonstrated that the changing point values of biomass proportion of toxic plants for dry matter intake and liveweight gain of sheep were 17% and 22%, respectively. The changing point value of biomass (richness) proportion of toxic plants for soil carbon accumulation index was 31% (59%), for soil nutrient cycling index was 38% (42%), and for ecosystem multifunctionality index was 28% (50%). The trade-off between liveweight gain of sheep and ecosystem multifunctionality first decreased and then increased along the gradient of biomass proportion of toxic plants (the value of changing point was 37%), and had a significant negative correlation with richness of toxic plants. In addition, structural equation modeling indicated that toxic plants can affect the trade-off between liveweight gain of sheep and ecosystem multifunctionality though increasing acid detergent fiber of plant and decreasing plant species richness, belowground biomass and soil total phosphorus. Consequently, opinions towards toxic plants should shift from the conventional view that they are serious threat to grassland ecosystem health to an inclusive understanding that they are beneficial to livestock and ecosystem functions under certain ecological thresholds.


Asunto(s)
Ecosistema , Pradera , Animales , Biomasa , Carbono/análisis , Detergentes , Fósforo , Plantas Tóxicas , Ovinos , Suelo/química , Tibet
3.
Toxicon ; 200: 23-29, 2021 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34217747

RESUMEN

In this paper, we describe poisoning outbreaks of Xanthium strumarium in cattle on the borders of the Araguari River, Southeastern Brazil. In this region, several hydroelectric plants promote transient flooding, which creates a favorable environment for the invasion of X. strumarium in extensive areas, often as the predominant species in those areas. The outbreaks occurred between July and September (dry season). Bovines of all ages were affected, including suckling animals. Mortality varied from 2% to 5.5%. The animals exhibited ataxia, weakness, loss of balance, recumbency, and the majority were found dead. Laboratory results showed a marked increase in the serum activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase. Histological and ultrastructural changes in the liver consisted of centrilobular necrosis and hemorrhage. On toxicological evaluation, the dicotyledons contained 0.30 µg/mg of atractyloside and 0.37 µg/mg of carboxyatractyloside. Considerable economic loss has occurred in this region due to the lack of knowledge regarding X. strumarium as a toxic plant and its adaptation to the environmental and climatic conditions of the region, which have made the condition endemic.


Asunto(s)
Intoxicación por Plantas , Xanthium , Animales , Brasil , Bovinos , Intoxicación por Plantas/epidemiología , Intoxicación por Plantas/veterinaria , Plantas Tóxicas , Ríos
4.
Plants (Basel) ; 10(6)2021 May 31.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34072709

RESUMEN

Herbal medicine and its therapeutic applications are widely practiced in northeastern Morocco, and people are knowledgeable about it. Nonetheless, there is a significant knowledge gap regarding their safety. In this study, we reveal the toxic and potential toxic species used as medicines by people in northeastern Morocco in order to compile and document indigenous knowledge of those herbs. Structured and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data, and simple random sampling was used as a sampling technique. Based on this information, species were collected, identified, and herbarium sheets were created. The collected data were analyzed using two quantitative indices: informant consensus factor (ICF) and fidelity level (Fl), as the degree of these indices give an insight into the level of toxicity of a given plant. The results revealed the knowledge of 55 species belonging to 36 families. The most represented families were Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, and Fabaceae. Furthermore, the majority of the species cited were herbs (67%), and the most common toxic parts were seeds, followed by leaves and roots. According to the informant consensus factor, death (0.81%) had the highest agreement, followed by the urological (0.76%) and skin (0.75%) categories. The most significant plants in terms of fidelity level were Solanum sodomaeum L. and Nerium oleander L. for death, Arisarum vulgare O. Targ. Tozz., Mentha spicata L., and Morus alba L. for the digestive category, Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss. and Citrus x aurantium L. for cardiovascular category, Urtica dioica L. for skin category, Datura stramonium L, and Ephedra altissima Desf. for neurological category, and finally Crocus sativus L. for general and unspecified category. This work highlights a valuable traditional knowledge of poisonous and potential poisonous plants in northeastern Morocco. Further phytochemical and toxicological research is needed to determine the safety of these prized herbs.

5.
Braz. j. biol ; 80(3): 574-581, July-Sept. 2020. tab, graf
Artículo en Inglés | LILACS | ID: biblio-1132420

RESUMEN

Abstract The Brazilian Cerrado has several botanical species for medicinal purposes used by traditional communities and many of these plants are not included in the list of Medicinal Plants Research Program of Central Medicines. The purpose of this study was the phytochemical screening and toxicology bioassay front of Brine shrimp L. of ethanolic extracts of eight species of plants used in folk medicine of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The ethanolic extracts were submitted to phytochemical screening, determination of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Toxicological assays were carried front of Brine shrimp according to standard methodology. The analysis TLC and HPLC-DAD confirmed the predominance of phenolic compounds and derivatives, specifically for the quercetin. The most toxic was the C. affinis DC. with death at all concentrations, the A. humile A. St. Hil. showed no mortality and the other species showed intermediate toxicity. The extracts of the investigated species are rich in phenolic compounds and derivatives, specifically quercetin, and feature toxicity between moderate to high, a fact that requires attention, since much of the traditional communities rely on herbal drugs in its raw form with preventive and curative purpose, meeting the basic health care.


Resumo O Cerrado brasileiro possui diversas espécies botânicas com fins medicinais utilizadas por comunidades tradicionais e muitas dessas plantas não estão incluídas na lista do Programa de Pesquisa de Plantas Medicinais da Central de Medicamentos. O objetivo deste estudo foi a triagem fitoquímica e o bioensaio toxicológico frente ao Brine shrimp L. de extratos etanólicos de oito espécies de plantas utilizadas na medicina popular de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul. Os extratos etanólicos foram submetidos à triagem fitoquímica, determinação de compostos fenólicos e flavonoides. Os ensaios toxicológicos foram realizados frente ao Brine shrimp de acordo com a metodologia padrão. A análise de cromatografia de camada delgada e HPLC-DAD confirmou a predominância de compostos fenólicos e derivados, especificamente para a quercetina. O mais tóxico foi o C. affinis DC. com a morte em todas as concentrações, o A. humile A. St. Hil. não apresentou mortalidade e as demais espécies apresentaram toxicidade intermediária. Os extratos das espécies investigadas são ricos em compostos fenólicos e derivados, especificamente a quercetina e apresentam toxicidade entre moderada a alta, fato que requer atenção, pois grande parte das comunidades tradicionais conta com fitoterápicos em sua forma bruta com preventivo e finalidade curativa, atendendo aos cuidados básicos de saúde.


Asunto(s)
Plantas Medicinales , Medicina Tradicional , Brasil , Extractos Vegetales , Fitoquímicos
6.
BMC Res Notes ; 12(1): 408, 2019 Jul 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31307543

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: Aconitum plants (Ranunculaceae) exhibit toxicity, and accidental ingestion of the plants has been reported in Japan. Identifying the cause of poisoning is important for emergency medical treatment, and a rapid and simple detection technique is required for the identification of poisoning cause. In the present study, we developed a rapid and simple method for detecting Aconitum plant DNA using a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay. RESULTS: Specific LAMP primers for Aconitum plants were designed based on the trnL-trnF intergenic spacer region. Using the LAMP primers, the LAMP assay included an initiation reaction of 10 min followed by amplification for 20 min at the isothermal reaction temperature of 65 °C. The LAMP reaction was demonstrated to be specific and highly sensitive to Aconitum plants, given that the assay can be used for 1 pg of purified DNA. Using raw extracted DNA as template, the entire detection procedure from DNA extraction to final detection required only 30 min. Moreover, the protocol identified samples containing approximately 5 mg of Aconitum plants cooked and digested with artificial gastric juice. The currently proposed protocol exhibits good potential as a screening method of Aconitum plant poisoning for emergency medical care.


Asunto(s)
Aconitum/genética , Aconitum/envenenamiento , ADN de Plantas/genética , Técnicas de Amplificación de Ácido Nucleico/métodos , Intoxicación por Plantas/diagnóstico , Animales , Humanos , Extractos Vegetales/genética , Extractos Vegetales/envenenamiento , Conejos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y Especificidad
7.
Curr Drug Saf ; 14(2): 127-139, 2019.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30727913

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Several botanical species are poisonous and are used for medicinal purposes in traditional medicine. In fact, a relationship between toxicity and phytotherapeutic potential of medicinal plants exists. OBJECTIVE: Until now, there is no ethnopharmacological indices evaluating mathematically the toxic property of any medicinal plant used traditionally. Consequently, it is important to find this link through the establishment and development of novel indices that put into consideration the relationship between toxicity and phytotherapy. Two essential objectives were targeted in the present investigation: firstly, we aimed to establish novel indices which permit researchers to evaluate data obtained in any ethnobotanical survey targeting toxic plants. Secondly, we aimed also to collect data and information about toxic species, mainly those used traditionally for therapeutic purposes in the region of Tafilalet (southeast of Morocco). METHODS: The total informant interviewed in our study was 1616 (where 1500 were simple local inhabitants and 116 were herbalists). This inquiry was carried out through semi-structured and structured interviews and the sampling technique used was the stratified sample (9 stratums). Data obtained was analyzed using 3 new indices: Degree of Taxonomic Toxicity (DT), Degree of Botanical Families Toxicity (DFT) and Relative Link of Toxicity (RLT). RESULTS: 47 toxic species belonging to 38 botanical families were quoted in our survey. The highest value of DT was observed for Atractylis gummifera L. (DT=24.67). According to the calculated value of DFT, the most toxic plant family in the region of Tafilalet was Asteraceae (DFT=143.90). Nervous system disorders are the main ailment caused by the toxicity of poisonous species used in the traditional medicine in Tafilalet (RLT=1.44). CONCLUSION: Novel indices established in this investigation (DT, DFT and RLT) have been demonstrated to be useful for interpreting data collected in Tafilalet region and could serve for other ethnopharmacological surveys of toxic medicinal plants.


Asunto(s)
Etnobotánica , Plantas Medicinales/toxicidad , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Algoritmos , Etnofarmacología , Femenino , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Medicina Tradicional , Persona de Mediana Edad , Marruecos , Fitoterapia , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto Joven
8.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 39(1): 20-24, Jan. 2019. tab, ilus
Artículo en Inglés | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-990237

RESUMEN

This study reports the epidemiological data and the clinical-pathological condition of five outbreaks of cyanogenic poisoning in cattle spontaneously ingesting star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis cv. 'Florico'). In all outbreaks, the areas where the plant was previously fertilized with high concentrations of nitrogen and the properties adopted the silvipastoral system. The first clinical signs appeared between 10 and 15 minutes after the first introduction of cattle and were characterized by muscular tremors, dyspnea, moderate tympanism, staggering gait, forced breathing with open mouth, sternal recumbency followed by death after 15 to 30 minutes and/or recovery in a few hours after the signs started. In total, 43 cows have become ill and 18 died. Two necropsies were performed and no significant changes were found except for the presence of the plant near the esophageal sphincter region. No histological lesions were seen through microscopy. Green leaves of the star grass were collected from all properties where the outbreaks occurred and the test of the picro-sodium paper was performed, revealing red-brick coloration in 20 minutes after maceration of the leaves.(AU)


Descrevem-se os dados epidemiológicos e quadro clínico-patológico de cinco surtos de intoxicação cianogênica em bovinos que ingeriram espontaneamente grama estrela (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis cv. 'Florico'). Em todos os surtos, as áreas onde a planta se encontrava haviam sido previamente adubadas com altas concentrações de nitrogênio e as propriedades adotavam o sistema silvipastoril com Eucaliptus sp. Os primeiros sinais clínicos surgiram entre 10 e 15 minutos após a primeira introdução dos bovinos e caracterizou-se por tremores musculares, dispneia, timpanismo moderado, andar cambaleante, respiração forçada com a boca aberta, decúbito esternal seguido de morte após 15 a 30 minutos e/ou, recuperação em poucas horas após início dos sinais. No total, adoeceram 43 vacas e destas 18 morreram. Duas necropsias foram realizadas e não foram encontradas alterações significativas, exceto a presença da planta próxima a região do esfíncter esofágico. Através da microscopia não foram visualizadas lesões histológicas. Folhas verdes da grama estrela foram coletadas de todas as propriedades onde os surtos ocorreram e realizadas o teste do papel picro-sódico, o qual revelou coloração vermelho-tijolo em 20 minutos após maceração das folhas.(AU)


Asunto(s)
Animales , Bovinos , Intoxicación por Plantas/veterinaria , Bovinos , Cianuro de Hidrógeno/envenenamiento , Cynodon/envenenamiento
9.
Toxicon ; 154: 90-113, 2018 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30243516

RESUMEN

In the North Eastern region of Morocco, many people are interested in medicinal plants and their uses. However, the rationale for the utilization of medicinal plants has remained largely underestimated with little or no scientific data on plant safety. In this paper we attempt to describe and establish a detailed list of current knowledge in relation to the toxicity of these plants and to evaluate the scientific data concerning the harmful effects of the selected natural products. Our approach consists of collecting published data from literature in specialized journals, books and website related to the toxic plants. This research revealed that 89 plant species, retrieved from 287 plants used as medicine in the North-Eastern region of Morocco, are considered toxic or present some kind of toxicity. Our data determines 55 compounds isolated from the plants which are dominated by five groups of toxic compounds: alkaloids followed by glucosides, terpenoids, protides and phenolics. The present work discusses toxicity-related issues arising from the use of medicinal plants by local people. We conclude that the database considered in this study could serve as an important source of information on the toxicity of medicinal plants used by this society.


Asunto(s)
Fitoterapia/efectos adversos , Fitoterapia/métodos , Animales , Etnofarmacología , Humanos , Medicina Tradicional/efectos adversos , Medicina Tradicional/métodos , Marruecos , Extractos Vegetales/efectos adversos , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Preparaciones de Plantas/efectos adversos , Preparaciones de Plantas/uso terapéutico , Plantas Medicinales/efectos adversos
10.
J Diet Suppl ; 15(3): 352-364, 2018 May 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28956681

RESUMEN

The Dietary Supplements and Health Education Act (DSHEA), passed by the United States Congress in October of 1994, defines herbal products as nutritional supplements, not medications. This opened the market for diverse products made from plants, including teas, extracts, essential oils, and syrups. Mexico and the United States share an extensive border, where diverse herbal products are available to the public without a medical prescription. Research undertaken in the neighboring cities of Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, and El Paso, Texas, USA, shows the use of herbs is higher in this border area compared to the rest of the United States. A portion of the population is still under the erroneous impression that "natural" products are completely safe to use and therefore lack side effects. We review the dangers of ingesting the toxic seed of Thevetia spp. (family Apocynaceae), commonly known as "yellow oleander" or "codo de fraile," misleadingly advertised on the Internet as an effective and safe dietary supplement for weight loss. Lack of proper quality control regarding herbs generates a great variability in the quantity and quality of the products' content. Herb-drug interactions occur between some herbal products and certain prescription pharmaceuticals. Certain herbs recently introduced into the U.S. market may not have been previously tested adequately for purity, safety, and efficacy. Due to the lack of reliable clinical data regarding the safe use of various herbal products currently available, the public should be made aware regarding the possible health hazards of using certain herbs for therapeutic purposes. The potentially fatal toxicity of yellow oleander seed is confirmed by cases reported from various countries, while the purported benefits of using it for weight loss have not been evaluated by any known clinical trials. For this reason, the use of yellow oleander seed as a dietary supplement should be avoided.


Asunto(s)
Fármacos Antiobesidad/toxicidad , Suplementos Dietéticos/toxicidad , Semillas/toxicidad , Thevetia/toxicidad , Animales , Fármacos Antiobesidad/economía , Fármacos Antiobesidad/normas , Suplementos Dietéticos/economía , Suplementos Dietéticos/normas , Contaminación de Alimentos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Etiquetado de Alimentos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Etiquetado de Alimentos/normas , Fraude , Humanos , Internet , Legislación Alimentaria , México , Intoxicación por Plantas/etiología , Intoxicación por Plantas/prevención & control , Intoxicación por Plantas/veterinaria , Plantas Medicinales/efectos adversos , Plantas Medicinales/química , Plantas Medicinales/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plantas Tóxicas/química , Plantas Tóxicas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plantas Tóxicas/toxicidad , Semillas/química , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Texas , Thevetia/química , Thevetia/crecimiento & desarrollo , Estados Unidos
11.
Revista Fitos Eletrônica ; 11(2): 126-139, 2017.
Artículo en Portugués | MTYCI | ID: biblio-880139

RESUMEN

Trata-se de um estudo investigativo sobre os aspectos botânicos e clínicos das intoxicações humanas provocadas por espécies das famílias Araceae, Euphorbiaceae e Solanaceae. É um estudo transversal, descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Hospital da Restauração. Os dados referentes ao período de 1992 a 2009 foram coletados no Centro de Assistência Toxicológica de Pernambuco (CEATOX). Dos 214 prontuários analisados, 140 tiveram diagnóstico de intoxicação por espécies das famílias Araceae (55%; n=77); Euphorbiaceae (36,43%; n=51) e Solanaceae (8,57%; n=12). A maioria das Araceae foi representada por Dieffenbachia amoena Bull (50%); Euphorbiaceae por Manihot esculenta Crantz (11,42%) e Solanaceae por Brugmansia suaveolens (Willd.) Bercht. & J. Presl. (5,71%), utilizadas como ornamental, alimentícia, medicinal, em brincadeiras infantis e suicídio. Em consequência da ingestão de partes dessas plantas os sintomas apresentados foram: edema (língua, lábio), náusea, diarreia, rubor facial, midríase, alucinações e dores abdominais. O tratamento constou de observação clínica (45,31%) e tratamento sintomático (40,18%). A gravidade das intoxicações foi classificada como aguda moderada em 79,69% dos pacientes.(AU)


This is an investigative study about the clinical and botanical aspects of human poisoning caused by plants of the species Araceae, Euphorbiaceae and Solanaceae. It is a cross-sectional descriptive study with a quantitative approach, approved by the Restoration Hospital Ethics Committee. Data was collected at the Toxicological Assistance Centre of Pernambuco (CEATOX) comprising the period of 1992 to 2009. 214 records were analyzed, 140 had an intoxication diagnostic from the families: Araceae (55%, n = 77); Euphorbiaceae (36,43%; n = 51) and solanaceae (8,57%; n = 12). Aracea was majorly represented by Dieffenbachia Amoena Bull (50%); Euphorbiaceae by Manihot esculenta Crantz (11,42%) and Solanaceae by Brugmansia suaveolens (Willd.) Bercht. & J. Presl. (5, 71%) that were used as ornamental plants, food, medicine, in children's play and suicide attempts. As a result of ingestion of parts of the plant the symptoms were edema (tongue, lips), nausea, diarrhea, facial flushing, mydriasis, hallucinations and abdominal pain. Treatment consisted of clinical observation (45,31%) and symptomatic treatment (40,18%). The severity of the intoxications was classified as 'moderate acute' in 79,69% of patients.(AU)


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Intoxicación por Plantas , Euphorbiaceae/toxicidad , Solanaceae/toxicidad , Araceae/toxicidad , Edema/etiología , Fitoterapia/efectos adversos , Brasil , Oxalato de Calcio/toxicidad
12.
Artículo en Inglés | LILACS-Express | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1467335

RESUMEN

Abstract The Brazilian Cerrado has several botanical species for medicinal purposes used by traditional communities and many of these plants are not included in the list of Medicinal Plants Research Program of Central Medicines. The purpose of this study was the phytochemical screening and toxicology bioassay front of Brine shrimp L. of ethanolic extracts of eight species of plants used in folk medicine of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The ethanolic extracts were submitted to phytochemical screening, determination of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Toxicological assays were carried front of Brine shrimp according to standard methodology. The analysis TLC and HPLC-DAD confirmed the predominance of phenolic compounds and derivatives, specifically for the quercetin. The most toxic was the C. affinis DC. with death at all concentrations, the A. humile A. St. Hil. showed no mortality and the other species showed intermediate toxicity. The extracts of the investigated species are rich in phenolic compounds and derivatives, specifically quercetin, and feature toxicity between moderate to high, a fact that requires attention, since much of the traditional communities rely on herbal drugs in its raw form with preventive and curative purpose, meeting the basic health care.


Resumo O Cerrado brasileiro possui diversas espécies botânicas com fins medicinais utilizadas por comunidades tradicionais e muitas dessas plantas não estão incluídas na lista do Programa de Pesquisa de Plantas Medicinais da Central de Medicamentos. O objetivo deste estudo foi a triagem fitoquímica e o bioensaio toxicológico frente ao Brine shrimp L. de extratos etanólicos de oito espécies de plantas utilizadas na medicina popular de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul. Os extratos etanólicos foram submetidos à triagem fitoquímica, determinação de compostos fenólicos e flavonoides. Os ensaios toxicológicos foram realizados frente ao Brine shrimp de acordo com a metodologia padrão. A análise de cromatografia de camada delgada e HPLC-DAD confirmou a predominância de compostos fenólicos e derivados, especificamente para a quercetina. O mais tóxico foi o C. affinis DC. com a morte em todas as concentrações, o A. humile A. St. Hil. não apresentou mortalidade e as demais espécies apresentaram toxicidade intermediária. Os extratos das espécies investigadas são ricos em compostos fenólicos e derivados, especificamente a quercetina e apresentam toxicidade entre moderada a alta, fato que requer atenção, pois grande parte das comunidades tradicionais conta com fitoterápicos em sua forma bruta com preventivo e finalidade curativa, atendendo aos cuidados básicos de saúde.

13.
Toxicon ; 118: 91-4, 2016 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27125469

RESUMEN

In the semiarid region of Brazil, in areas with vegetation composed mainly of Poincianella pyramidalis, several cases of congenital malformation and reproductive losses were observed in goats and sheep from 2012 to 2014. To determine the teratogenic effect of P. pyramidalis, two groups of eight goats each were used. Goats from Group 1 received fresh P. pyramidalis, harvested daily, as the only roughage during the whole breeding and pregnancy period. Goats in Group 2 (control) received Cynodon dactylon (tifton) hay free choice. Ultrasound examination for pregnancy diagnosis was performed every 28 days. Four goats from Group 1 were pregnant on day 28 but not on day 56, suggesting embryonic death or abortion. Another goat from Group 1 died at day 70 of pregnancy, and the fetuses exhibited micrognathia. The other three goats bore six kids, three of which showed bone malformations in the limbs, spine, ribs, sternum, and head, including arthrogryposis, scoliosis and micrognathia. One kid also showed hypoplasia of the left pulmonary lobes. In the control group, all goats bore a total of 13 kids and none of them exhibited malformations. These results demonstrated that P. pyramidalis causes congenital malformations and other reproductive losses in goats.


Asunto(s)
Anomalías Inducidas por Medicamentos/veterinaria , Aborto Veterinario/inducido químicamente , Caesalpinia/toxicidad , Reabsorción del Feto/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Cabras/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades de las Cabras/etiología , Intoxicación por Plantas/veterinaria , Complicaciones del Embarazo/veterinaria , Animales , Artrogriposis/inducido químicamente , Artrogriposis/veterinaria , Brasil , Cynodon , Femenino , Reabsorción del Feto/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades de las Cabras/fisiopatología , Cabras , Micrognatismo/inducido químicamente , Micrognatismo/veterinaria , Componentes Aéreos de las Plantas/toxicidad , Intoxicación por Plantas/fisiopatología , Embarazo , Complicaciones del Embarazo/fisiopatología , Escoliosis/inducido químicamente , Escoliosis/veterinaria
14.
Revista Fitos Eletrônica ; 10(4): 446-459, 2016.
Artículo en Portugués | MTYCI | ID: biblio-880588

RESUMEN

Objetivou-se com este estudo, caracterizar os aspectos epidemiológicos das intoxicações humanas, ocasionadas por plantas no Estado de Pernambuco (PE), através de uma abordagem transversal e descritiva a partir de notificações obtidas no Centro de Assistência Toxicológica deste Estado, no período de 1992 a 2009. Foram analisados 214 prontuários com base nas variáveis: sexo, faixa etária, agente tóxico vegetal, sazonalidade, zona de ocorrência, local do acidente, via de exposição, circunstância, tipo de atendimento, evolução clínica. As intoxicações predominaram no sexo feminino (52,34%), faixa etária de 1 a 4 anos (42,52%), e a maioria ocorreu nos meses de fevereiro, agosto e outubro. A maioria das intoxicações foi na área urbana (74,30%), em acidentes nas residências (72,90%), através de plantas, sendo que 85% por via oral. A família Araceae foi responsável por 35,98% das intoxicações, seguida das famílias Euphorbiaceae 23,83% e Solanaceae com 5,60% dos casos. Os pacientes foram atendidos e a gravidade dos casos, em sua maioria, evoluiu para melhora de saúde, não sendo possível fazer o registro de cura, pelo fato de os mesmos deixarem o hospital sem a devida alta. Espera-se alertar os profissionais de saúde da importância das plantas, como fator de risco de intoxicação, possibilitando o estabelecimento de políticas públicas de prevenção e promoção da saúde.(AU)


The objective of this study was to characterize the epidemiological aspects of human poisoning caused by plants in the State of Pernambuco. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study from notifications obtained in the Toxicological Assistance Centre of Pernambuco (CEATOX), between 1992-2009. 214 records were analyzed using these variables: sex, age group, vegetal toxic agent, seasonality, occurrence zone locations, poisoning site, way of contamination, circumstances of poisoning, type of treatment, and the outcome. Poisoning predominated in females (52.34%) aged 1 to 4 years (42.52%) and the majority occurred in February, August and October. Most poisonings took place in the urban zone (74.30%), caused by home accidents (72.90%) by the oral ingestion of the toxic agent (85%). The family Araceae accounted for (35.98%) of poisonings, followed by Euphorbiaceae families (23.83%) and Solanaceae with (5.60%). Patients were treated and mostly evolved into health improvement, but we lack data regarding cure due to the fact that the patients left the hospital without proper medical release. We hope to alert health professionals of the importance of poisonous plants as a risk factor, enabling the establishment of new public policies for health promotion and prevention for the general public.(AU)


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Intoxicación por Plantas/epidemiología , Distribución por Edad , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Fitoterapia/efectos adversos , Centros de Control de Intoxicaciones
15.
Revista Fitos Eletrônica ; 10(4): 518-525, 2016.
Artículo en Portugués | MTYCI | ID: biblio-880592

RESUMEN

Desde a antiguidade a humanidade procura na natureza plantas com poder curativo. O emprego das plantas medicinais/fitoterápicos na recuperação da saúde tem evoluído ao longo dos tempos, desde as formas mais simples (chá) até as de fabricação industrial (fitofármacos). O objetivo do trabalho é advertir sobre o uso correto de plantas medicinais/fitoterápicos, para que os profissionais de enfermagem adquiram um maior conhecimento técnico/científico para orientar os pacientes adequadamente. Foram acessados bancos de dados bibliográficos e bases eletrônicas de dados PubMed e SciElo. Foram observadas inúmeras intoxicações, interações, e demais problemas que o uso incorreto e a automedicação das plantas medicinais/fitoterápicos podem acarretar a saúde. Cuidados em como utilizar plantas que você conhece; nunca coletar plantas medicinais próximas a lixos ou fossas; evitar misturar várias espécies de plantas medicinais; observar as dosagens adequadas é fundamental para o uso correto. A falta de conhecimento e o parco incentivo para estudar as Práticas Alternativas e Complementares, entre os profissionais de enfermagem, fazem com que os mesmos fiquem desprovidos de informações fidedignas para esclarecer as dúvidas dos pacientes sobre o uso correto, desestimulando assim o uso desta terapia alternativa.(AU)


Since ancient times, humanity seeks for the power of plants for healing. The use of medicinal/herbal plants for health care has evolved from the simplest forms (the teas) toward industrial production (the phytopharmaceuticals). Current review is based on bibliographic and electronic data bases of PubMed e Scielo accounting for numerous cases of intoxication, interactions, and other health problems caused by the incorrect use of medicinal plants/phytotherapy, as well as self-medication. The objective of this research is to warn about the correct use of medicinal plants/phytotherapy, so that nursing professionals may assess more technical / scientific knowledge, and appropriately guide their patients. We propose some essential procedures for the correct use of medicinal plants, namely, (1) be careful when using familiar plants; (2) do not collect medicinal plants near waste pits or cesspools; and (3) observe adequate dosages. We could observe that the lack of knowledge on the use of medicinal plants has limited their study among the nursing professionals. Moreover, the lack of encouragement for studying the Integrative and Complementary Practices, among the nursing professionals, has generated a void of reliable information, and has created real inability to answer the patient's questions about the adequate use of medicinal plants, thus discouraging their use as alternative therapy.(AU)


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Educación en Enfermería , Fitoterapia/efectos adversos , Plantas Medicinales/efectos adversos , Interacciones de Hierba-Droga , Fitoterapia/enfermería
16.
Rev. bras. plantas med ; 17(4): 599-603, out.-dez. 2015. tab, graf
Artículo en Portugués | LILACS | ID: lil-763215

RESUMEN

RESUMOO objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar possíveis efeitos do extrato das vargens de bordão-de-velho (Samanea tubulosa benth) sobre a reprodução em ratas Wistar. O extrato foi preparado a partir da secagem e trituração das vagens, seguida por maceração com etanol e, posteriormente, concentrado em rotavapor. Ratas Wistar gestantes foram tratadas com 75 mg.100 g-1 de peso corporal de extrato de S. tubulosa e o grupo controle recebeu 1ml/100 g-1 de peso corporal de solução salina por gavagem durante 19 dias. Após eutanásia no 20º dia, as seguintes variáveis foram analisadas: peso corporal fetal, peso dos fetos e placentas, número de corpos lúteos e de reabsorções, implantação, fetos vivos e mortos. O extrato de vagens de S. tubulosa apresenta toxicidade para o feto causando malformações, reabsorções fetais e diminuição pronunciada do peso ao nascer. Contudo, o extrato de vagens de S. tubulosanão influencia no número de corpos lúteos e número de implantações.


ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to evaluate possible effects of pods from bordão-de-velho (Samanea tubulosa benth) extract on the reproduction of female rats.The extract was prepared by maceration wtith ethanol of dried and crushed pods, then it was concentrated in rotary evaporator. The pregnant Wistar rats were treated with a dose of 75 mg.100 g-1of body weight of Samanea tubulosa extract, by gavage , whereas the control group received 1ml.100g-1of saline by the same route for 19 days. After the euthanasia of the animals at day 20th,the following variables were analyzed: fetal body weight, weight of fetuses and placentas, number of corpora lutea, resorption points, live and dead fetuses and number of embryonic implantations. The extract from S. tubulosa pods, at the dose studied, showed toxicity causing fetal abnormalities, fetal resorption and pronounced decrease in the weight of offspring at birth. On the other hand, , the treatment with extract of S.tubulosa pods had no influence over corpora lutea and implantation numbers.


Asunto(s)
Femenino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar/clasificación , Toxicidad/análisis , Fabaceae/clasificación , Plantas Tóxicas/metabolismo , Anomalías Congénitas
17.
Rev. cuba. plantas med ; 19(4): 399-406, oct.-dic. 2014. ilus, tab
Artículo en Español | CUMED | ID: cum-61973

RESUMEN

Introducción: a nivel mundial la exposición accidental o voluntaria a sustancias tóxicas es causa frecuente de intoxicación. En reportes estadísticos predominan las intoxicaciones por psicofármacos y plaguicidas, pero las plantas tóxicas también son frecuentemente consultadas en los servicios de urgencias. Objetivo: caracterizar el comportamiento de las intoxicaciones agudas por plantas tóxicas en cuanto a incidencia y morbilidad, reportadas por Centro de Toxicología de Villa Clara (CENTOX-VC), e identificar los tipos de plantas causales, lugar de procedencia del paciente intoxicado y tipo de intoxicación más frecuente. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo en el Centro de Toxicología Clínica de Villa Clara, Cuba, durante los cuatro primeros años de su creación (2008-2011), considerando variables como edad, municipio y/o provincia, planta tóxica responsable, causas de la intoxicación y vías de exposición. Resultados: se atendieron 70 pacientes intoxicados en la consulta de urgencia por plantas tóxicas (8,22 por ciento). Hubo mayor incidencia en el año 2009 con 47 pacientes (67,1 por ciento). Predominó el rango de edad entre 5 y 14 años, el sexo masculino (57,1 por ciento); las intoxicaciones más frecuentes fueron por nuez o nogal (Aleurites trilobus J.R. Forst. & G. Forst) (52,9 por ciento), piñón de botija (Jatropha curcas L) (14,3 por ciento), salvadera (Hura crepitans L) y yuquilla (Cycas circinalis L) (12,9 por ciento) y (10 por ciento) respectivamente. Predominaron las intoxicaciones no intencionales (94,3 por ciento) y la vía de exposición digestiva (95,8 por ciento). Cifuentes fue el municipio de mayor incidencia con 37 pacientes...


Introduction: accidental or intentional exposure to toxic substances is a frequent cause of poisoning worldwide. Statistical reports show a predominance of poisoning by psycholeptics and pesticides, but poisoning by toxic plants is also frequently treated at emergency services. Objective: characterize the incidence and morbidity of acute poisoning by toxic plants as reported by Villa Clara Toxicology Center (CENTOX-VC) and identify the types of causal plants, place of residence of the poisoned patient and most frequent poisoning type. Methods: an observational retrospective descriptive study was conducted at Villa Clara Clinical Toxicology Center in Cuba during the four years following the founding of the Center (2008-2011). The variables considered were age, municipality and/or province, causal toxic plant, causes of the poisoning episode and manner of exposure. Results: seventy patients were cared for at the emergency service for poisoning by toxic plants (8.22 percent). The highest incidence was found in the year 2009 with 47 patients (67.1 percent). There was a predominance of the 5-14 age range and the male sex (57.1 percent). The most frequent causal agents were walnut tree (Aleurites trilobus J. R. Forst. & G. Forst) (52.9 percent), physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) (14.3 percent), sandbox tree (Hura crepitans L.) (12.9 percent) and queen sago (Cycas circinalis L.) (10 percent). A predominance was observed of unintentional poisoning (94.3 percent) and oral intake (95.8 percent). The highest incidence was found in the municipality of Cifuentes with 37 patients (52.8 percent). Conclusions: a characterization is provided of poisoning by toxic plants which includes reference to...


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Niño , Adolescente , Intoxicación por Plantas , Pruebas de Toxicidad Aguda , Plantas Medicinales/envenenamiento , Estudio Observacional , Epidemiología Descriptiva , Estudios Retrospectivos
18.
Rev. cuba. plantas med ; 19(4): 399-406, out.-dez. 2014. ilus, tab
Artículo en Español | LILACS, CUMED | ID: lil-750677

RESUMEN

INTRODUCCIÓN: a nivel mundial la exposición accidental o voluntaria a sustancias tóxicas es causa frecuente de intoxicación. En reportes estadísticos predominan las intoxicaciones por psicofármacos y plaguicidas, pero las plantas tóxicas también son frecuentemente consultadas en los servicios de urgencias. OBJETIVO: caracterizar el comportamiento de las intoxicaciones agudas por plantas tóxicas en cuanto a incidencia y morbilidad, reportadas por Centro de Toxicología de Villa Clara (CENTOX-VC), e identificar los tipos de plantas causales, lugar de procedencia del paciente intoxicado y tipo de intoxicación más frecuente. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo en el Centro de Toxicología Clínica de Villa Clara, Cuba, durante los cuatro primeros años de su creación (2008-2011), considerando variables como edad, municipio y/o provincia, planta tóxica responsable, causas de la intoxicación y vías de exposición. RESULTADOS: se atendieron 70 pacientes intoxicados en la consulta de urgencia por plantas tóxicas (8,22 %). Hubo mayor incidencia en el año 2009 con 47 pacientes (67,1 %). Predominó el rango de edad entre 5 y 14 años, el sexo masculino (57,1 %); las intoxicaciones más frecuentes fueron por nuez o nogal (Aleurites trilobus J.R. Forst. & G. Forst) (52,9 %), piñón de botija (Jatropha curcas L) (14,3 %), salvadera (Hura crepitans L) y yuquilla (Cycas circinalis L) (12,9 %) y (10 %) respectivamente. Predominaron las intoxicaciones no intencionales (94,3 %) y la vía de exposición digestiva (95,8 %). Cifuentes fue el municipio de mayor incidencia con 37 pacientes (52,8 %). CONCLUSIONES: la caracterización en nuestro estudio de la incidencia y morbilidad expuesta, así como ser el sexo masculino, grupos etarios (niños y adolescentes) los más afectados por las intoxicaciones agudas de forma no intencional por vía digestiva, brinda conocimientos e información para los profesionales de la salud en el manejo de estos pacientes, debiéndose continuar con su estudio, y realizar labores de divulgación para disminuir su morbilidad.


INTRODUCTION: accidental or intentional exposure to toxic substances is a frequent cause of poisoning worldwide. Statistical reports show a predominance of poisoning by psycholeptics and pesticides, but poisoning by toxic plants is also frequently treated at emergency services. OBJECTIVE: characterize the incidence and morbidity of acute poisoning by toxic plants as reported by Villa Clara Toxicology Center (CENTOX-VC) and identify the types of causal plants, place of residence of the poisoned patient and most frequent poisoning type. METHODS: an observational retrospective descriptive study was conducted at Villa Clara Clinical Toxicology Center in Cuba during the four years following the founding of the Center (2008-2011). The variables considered were age, municipality and/or province, causal toxic plant, causes of the poisoning episode and manner of exposure. RESULTS: seventy patients were cared for at the emergency service for poisoning by toxic plants (8.22 %). The highest incidence was found in the year 2009 with 47 patients (67.1 %). There was a predominance of the 5-14 age range and the male sex (57.1 %). The most frequent causal agents were walnut tree (Aleurites trilobus J. R. Forst. & G. Forst) (52.9 %), physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) (14.3 %), sandbox tree (Hura crepitans L.) (12.9%) and queen sago (Cycas circinalis L.) (10 %). A predominance was observed of unintentional poisoning (94.3 %) and oral intake (95.8 %). The highest incidence was found in the municipality of Cifuentes with 37 patients (52.8 %). CONCLUSIONS: a characterization is provided of poisoning by toxic plants which includes reference to its incidence and morbidity, the groups most frequently affected (children and adolescents and the male sex), and manner of exposure (unintentional by oral intake). These contents will be useful to health professionals managing poisoning episodes. Further studies should be conducted and dissemination activities performed with a view to reducing the morbidity of these events.


Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Niño , Adolescente , Intoxicación por Plantas , Plantas Medicinales/envenenamiento , Pruebas de Toxicidad Aguda , Epidemiología Descriptiva , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estudio Observacional
19.
Rev. bras. farmacogn ; 24(2): 225-247, Mar-Apr/2014. tab, graf
Artículo en Inglés | LILACS | ID: lil-714776

RESUMEN

Medicinal plants have been used for many years and are the source of new active substances and new drugs of pharmaceutical interest. The popular knowledge contained in the open-air markets is studied through urban ethnobotany, and is a good source of information for ethnobotanical research. In this context, we surveyed the literature on works concerning open-air markets in the State of Rio de Janeiro to gather knowledge of the commercialized plants therein. A literature search resulted in ten studies with 376 listed species, distributed in 94 families and 273 genera. Asteraceae family had the greater representation, followed by Lamiaceae and Fabaceae. Solanum was the most frequent genus. Two hundred and twenty four species could be considered potentially toxic or potentially interact with other drugs/medicines. Eighteen species are referred as "not for use during pregnancy", and 3 "not for use while nursing". These results are a source of concern since in Brazil, as it is worldwide, there is the notion that plants can never be harmful. The results for the Sørensen Coefficient showed greater similarity between works performed in very close study areas. Other studies presented low similarity, mainly because of the difficulty in plant identification or a very specific focus in methodology.

20.
Toxicon ; 82: 93-6, 2014 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24561122

RESUMEN

The present work reports cerebellar degeneration in cattle associated with the ingestion of Solanum subinerme in northern Brazil. The main clinical signs were periodic crises with loss of balance, falls, opisthotonus, and nystagmus. The histological lesions consisted of diffuse vacuolation of the perikaryon of the Purkinje neurons, followed by the loss of these cells and their substitution by Bergman glia. It is concluded that S. subinerme is another species of Solanum that causes cerebellar degeneration in cattle.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/patología , Corteza Cerebelosa/patología , Enfermedades Cerebelosas/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades Cerebelosas/veterinaria , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/veterinaria , Intoxicación por Plantas/patología , Intoxicación por Plantas/veterinaria , Solanum/toxicidad , Animales , Conducta Animal , Brasil , Bovinos , Enfermedades Cerebelosas/patología , Femenino , Masculino , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/patología , Células de Purkinje/patología
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